What Is a Bone Graft?

A bone graft is a surgical procedure used to repair, reconstruct, or strengthen missing or damaged bone tissue. It is one of the most commonly used methods in oral and maxillofacial surgery, especially when there is insufficient bone volume before a dental implant.

In this procedure, bone tissue can be taken from the patient’s own body (autograft), from another human donor (allograft), or synthetic bone materials can be used. The goal is to promote new bone formation and create a strong foundation.

When Is a Bone Graft Needed?

Bone grafting is applied to address bone loss in the jaw caused by various factors. The most common indications include:

  • Insufficient bone volume before dental implant placement

  • Bone loss following trauma

  • Bone defects after cyst or tumor surgery

  • Bone loss due to periodontal diseases

  • Bone reduction from long-term tooth loss

This procedure helps restore a healthy jaw structure, both aesthetically and functionally.

Types of Bone Grafts

Bone grafts can be classified according to their source:

  • Autograft: Taken from the patient’s own bone, usually from the chin, jaw, or hip. Offers the highest compatibility.

  • Allograft: Derived from processed human cadaver bone. Available in ready-to-use form, eliminating the need for a second surgical site.

  • Xenograft: Made from animal bone (usually bovine) and processed to be compatible with the human body.

  • Synthetic Graft: Composed of biocompatible materials produced in a laboratory, typically used for small bone defects.

Bone Graft Procedure

Bone grafting is usually performed under local anesthesia and involves the following steps:

  1. The surgical area is numbed, and an incision is made.

  2. The deficient bone area is prepared.

  3. The selected graft material is placed into the defect.

  4. A biological membrane or sutures are used to stabilize the graft.

  5. The surgical site is closed, and the healing process begins.

Healing time varies depending on the type of graft used and the patient’s overall health, typically ranging from 3 to 6 months.

Postoperative Care After a Bone Graft

  • Take prescribed medications regularly

  • Avoid hot foods and drinks for the first 24 hours

  • Do not apply pressure to the surgical site

  • Avoid smoking and alcohol

  • Maintain oral hygiene using a soft-bristled toothbrush

  • Attend all follow-up appointments

With proper care, the grafted tissue integrates into the jawbone, creating a stable and long-lasting structure.